Many
Muslim leaders in his day have a role spread of Islam, from the Prophet
Muhammad himself, the friends who became Caliph, and the friends who
become narrators of hadith. In this paper, we discuss figures hadith narrators are narrators of hadith ever, totaling 5374 hadith. Abu Hurairah, who is also known as the Father of Cats, because of his affection for cats. Abu Hurairah often called bin Abdurrahman Al-Azdi Shakhr (born 598 - died 678). Ibn Hisham says that the original name was Abdullah bin Abu Hurairah Amin. He comes from the tribe of Bani Daus.From
the history of their lives, then prepared a biography that tells
ranging from the birth, activities undertaken, until his death.Here is a little of his biography. Starting from the name, the place and his birth, his participation in the spread of Islam, until he died.
A. Biography of Abu Hurayrah1. Place and Date of BirthHe
was born exactly 21 years before the Hijrah in 598 AD in the Yemen, he
was born of the tribe of the children Daus, he converted to Islam in the
early 7th Hijriyah exactly when the Prophet was in Khoibar, witnessed
by the Prophet, then he always bermulazamah the Messenger to
gain knowledge from him, he is the most memorized Companions traditions
of the Companions of the others, it is a blessing from Allah to his
prayer, the Prophet acknowledges that spirit which is owned by Abu
Hurairah the Prophet in seeking knowledge.He is one who receives the reflection of the Islamic revolution, with all the changes he made. From
a parent wage earners who hire or employer, from a terlunta are
displaced in the midst of a sea of people, a priest and a followup! And from a man who bow down to the stones are arranged, a person who believes in Allah. He
said, "I grew up in an orphan, and go move in a poor state, I received a
salary as a maid in Basrah bint Ghazwan order to fill my insides. I
was the one who served the family when he was wanted flier, now here I
am, God has Bushrah daughter in marriage, then praise be to Allah who
has made this religion enforcement pillar, and made Abu Hurayrah follow
the people. "Abu
Huraira was a pious, religious expert, expert Sufism, and who followed
the war on the battlefield, to exalt the Word of Allah. He
followed the battle of Tabuk in the time of the Prophet SAW, and after
the death of the Prophet, he also fought against the apostates with Abu
Bakr As-Siddiq.2. The death of Abu HurayrahHe died in Medina An-Nabawiyah, some say that he died in the al-'Aqiia. And was buried in Baqi '.He
was then taken to the city of Medina where the kids 'Uthman ibn Affan'
(the third Caliph) carries kerandanya to maqam al-Baqi, in retaliation
for the tribute to their father. Salat body headed by al-Walid ibn Utbah bin Abi Sufyan, the governor of Madina, Marwan kerana fired. Al-Walid leading the prayer remains after prayer 'Asr in congregation. At
his funeral, Umar ibn among those delivered, and he was up crying
because of frequent Belau pray for mercy upon Abu Hurairah. And he said, "Abu Hurairah for the Muslims is keeping a tradition the Prophet."He died because of falling ill in 57 or 58 according to other sources, and there are also others mention 59 AH (678 AD). He died at the age of 78. Al-Waqidi
said that ash remains mensholati Hurairah Aisha year 58 Hijra month of
Ramadhan, and Umm Salamah mensholati Shawwal in the year 59 Hijriyah. And this last opinion is justified by Imam An-Nawawi.Al-Walid
then wrote a letter to his father, Mu'awiyah, the Caliph told him about
the death of Abu Huraira and he replied: "Look for people who are still
there and they bayarkanlah 10 000 dinars. Keep the relatives and do good to them, his deep she was the one who helps' Uthman, and together with him in his house. "Among
the relatives are still there that we know is his son, the son of Abu
Hurairah Muharrir and daughter who he always mentioned: "My father did
not wear gold membenarkanku his deep fear of the fire of hell." It is
known that free Muharrir also have a son named Naim. He who tells his father that he has a strap with beads 1000 pcs.
B. Called Abu Hurairah ExcellenceAbu
Hurairah often called bin Abdurrahman Al-Azdi Shakhr, more fondly known
as Ash, is a famous Companion of the Prophet and is the most hadith
narrators mentioned in his isnad by the Sunni Muslims. Ibn
Hisham says that the original name was Abdullah bin Abu Hurairah Amin
and others say his real name is Abdur Rahman bin Shakhr.Abu
Hurairah (this is the famous) or Abu Hir, because it has a little cat
who is always invited to play around in the daytime or while tending
goats belonging to the family and relatives, and he save in the trees at
night. Mentioned in Saheeh al-Bukhari, the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam never called him, "O Abu Hir".C. The narrated many HadithsHe was one of the companions of the most widely narrated from the Messenger of Allah, he meriwatkan traditions as Hadith 5374. And more than 800 people who meriwatkan hadith from him.When it comes time forger forger-Hadith who knowingly make false and false traditions, as if coming from the Prophet. They
manipulated the name Abu Huraira and abusing her fame in the hadith
narrated from the Prophet; until they are issued a tradition to use the
words "talk that Abu Hurayrah ...."Abu
Hurairah managed to escape from the network falsehood and deliberate
additions about to smuggled by the destroyer into Islam, with Abu
Hurairah scapegoat and sin and evil they charge him.D. The value Hadith narratedCriteria
include memorized Saheeh hadith rawinya bersfat fair, dhabit (strong
memory), sanadnya not broken (in a row), the tradition is not ber'illat
(disability), not awkward (not contradict another hadith narrated by
narrators who are more diligent ). In this respect the traditions narrated by Abu Hurairah meet the above requirements. Moreover, a very strong memory power. In addition, he meriwatkan traditions as Hadith 5374. And more than 800 people who meriwatkan hadith from him. This reinforces the traditions diriwayatkanya in the category of authentic hadith.E. The Hadith narrated examples
Meaning:From Abu Hurairah ra., He said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah. He
said: Allah rnelipat holding earth and sky with his right hand, then
bertirman: "I am the King, where the kings of the earth?" (Hadith
ditakhrij by Rukhari).
Meaning:From Abu Hurairah ra. of the Prophet., he said: "Something that was first calculated on the slave is his prayer, if he perfects it. If not (perfect) then Allah the Exalted and Almighty said: 'See if My servant has (prayer) circumcision?'. If caught him (prayer) circumcision, then Allah says: "complete the fard was with him". (Ditakhrij Hadith by Ibn Majah).
Meaning:From Abu Hurairah ra., He said: "The Messenger of Allah. He
said: "Allah, the Exalted and Almighty said:" Arrogant is my scarf and
gloves greatness me, whoever that is against me in one of them so I
tossed it into hell. " (Hadith ditakhrij by Abu Dawud).
Reference :
http://fefaz.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/biografi-abu-hurairah-r-a/
Sunday, January 27, 2013
Saturday, January 26, 2013
ISLAM OVER THE WORLD : HISTORY ISLAM IN EUROPE
Europe and the Islamic world have a close relationship with each other for centuries. First,
the state Andalusia (756-1492) in the Iberian Peninsula, and then the
Crusades (1095-1291), and Ottoman control of the Balkans (1389), brings a
constant relationship between each of the communities.
Today, many historians and sociologists claim that Islam is the main cause of the European movement toward the darkness of the Middle Ages Renaissance brilliance. At a time when Europe is still underdeveloped in the field of medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and many other fields, Muslims have a treasure trove of knowledge and potential for growth.
The first event to make people aware of the existence of an important European Islam in their lives is the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab took Jerusalem (638). This leads Europe for the first time realized that Islam has spread and even close their borders. The main reason for the Crusades, which took place four centuries later, was to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. But the Crusaders were assigned for this purpose to obtain something else, because of their contact with the Muslim world is the first step toward the rebirth of Europe. Dominated by darkness, conflict, war, and despotism, Europe faces the advanced civilization of the Islamic world and see that people are very wealthy and civilized, and quite advanced in medicine, astronomy, and mathematics as in their social life. They also see the values that are rarely found in Europe at the time (eg, pluralism, tolerance, understanding, compassion, and self-sacrifice) are aspects of high morality expressed by Muslims, who recognize their religious responsibilities.
Meanwhile, when the Crusades were still raging, the people of Europe are also in a relationship with Muslim communities closer to their region: Andalusia Muslim kingdom, located in the southern part of the continent of their own. Andalusia has a strong cultural influence in Europe until its collapse at the end of the 15th century. Many historians who have studied the effect of Andalusia Europe agree that this kingdom, with social structures and a high level of civilization, far more advanced than the rest of Europe, and that it is one of the major factors in the development of European civilization. Spain's leading historians, Blanco Ibanez wrote that:
Defeat in Spain did not come from the north; Islamic conquerors coming from the south. This is much more than a victory, it was a leap of civilization. Because of this fact, the civilization's wealthiest, most brilliant, and well known in Europe were born and developed during the Middle Ages between the 8th century and the 15th century. During this period the northern nations devastated by wars of religion, and while they were engaged in a pile of blood-thirsty, Andalusia population exceeds 30 million. In this number, which is high for a time, every race and religion to move freely and with equality, and the pulse of the community is very much alive.
With streets ablaze, the capital of Cordoba provide a striking example, and in contrast to European cities which, according to the English historian, John W. Draper, "Seven hundred years after this, no more than a single public lamp in London. In Paris, centuries later, anyone who stepped on a rainy day, her legs covered in mud up to the wrist.
Andalusia was finally collapsed in 1492 with the fall of Granada, last Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. But then, Europe dealing with the Ottoman Empire, which began to advance in the Balkans in the fifteenth century as a result of a couple of wins and a mass conversion among Balkan people. Conversion is never forced or obtained by pressure. At that time, the Islamic morality imposed by the Ottomans made the people who witnessed it chose Islam freely. Ottoman civilization built on the moral values of the Qur'an such as justice, equality, tolerance, and compassion, and it applies in the Balkans for 400 years. Traces can still be seen there (a large number of relics was destroyed by Serb forces and missiles during the war in Bosnia, but this does not change the facts of history). Islamic civilization based on the Koran is an important part of Europe. Even today, quite a lot of European Muslims living in the Balkans.
One seoarang people who believe that European civilization has learned a lot from Islam and that the two civilizations always closely related are Charles, Prince of Wales. Prince Charles describing Islamic civilization and experience what is taught in the Andalusian and Ottoman Balkans to Europe are: diplomacy, free trade, open borders, the techniques of academic research, it all comes from Andalusia. Medieval Islam was a religion with a remarkable tolerance for its time, so that Jews and Christians should practice their inherited beliefs, and setting an example which, unfortunately, was not replicated for centuries in the West. What is surprising is the fact that Islam has been part of Europe for so long, first in Spain, then in the Balkans, and has contributed so much to the civilization of which are, wrongly, regarded as entirely Western. Islam is a part of the past and present Western civilization, in all fields of human endeavor. Islam has helped to create modern Europe. Islam is part of the Western heritage, not separate things.
Ambassador of Sweden, Ingmar Karlsson, known in Turkey for his book, Islam and Europe, said that in the Andalusia, Christians, Muslims, and Jews lived together in peace and this should be taken as a model in Europe.
International Community High Representative in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Wolfgang Petritsch, stresses in an article dated 20 November 2001 edition of the New York Times that the fight against terrorism should not be directed against Islam and that Islam must not be forgotten that it is actually a part of Europe. In his article, "Islam is a part of the West, also," he stated: "When we step out of the paradigm us-and-them, we might remember that Islam is part of the European tradition." Keeping in mind these historical facts is one way to prevent the chaos that desired by provocateurs who put forward the thesis "clash of civilizations". Differences in civilization is not the reason for the conflict, but rather, can be an important means to promote dialogue.
Reference : http://www.riseofislam.com/europe_and_islam_02.html
Today, many historians and sociologists claim that Islam is the main cause of the European movement toward the darkness of the Middle Ages Renaissance brilliance. At a time when Europe is still underdeveloped in the field of medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and many other fields, Muslims have a treasure trove of knowledge and potential for growth.
The first event to make people aware of the existence of an important European Islam in their lives is the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab took Jerusalem (638). This leads Europe for the first time realized that Islam has spread and even close their borders. The main reason for the Crusades, which took place four centuries later, was to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. But the Crusaders were assigned for this purpose to obtain something else, because of their contact with the Muslim world is the first step toward the rebirth of Europe. Dominated by darkness, conflict, war, and despotism, Europe faces the advanced civilization of the Islamic world and see that people are very wealthy and civilized, and quite advanced in medicine, astronomy, and mathematics as in their social life. They also see the values that are rarely found in Europe at the time (eg, pluralism, tolerance, understanding, compassion, and self-sacrifice) are aspects of high morality expressed by Muslims, who recognize their religious responsibilities.
Meanwhile, when the Crusades were still raging, the people of Europe are also in a relationship with Muslim communities closer to their region: Andalusia Muslim kingdom, located in the southern part of the continent of their own. Andalusia has a strong cultural influence in Europe until its collapse at the end of the 15th century. Many historians who have studied the effect of Andalusia Europe agree that this kingdom, with social structures and a high level of civilization, far more advanced than the rest of Europe, and that it is one of the major factors in the development of European civilization. Spain's leading historians, Blanco Ibanez wrote that:
Defeat in Spain did not come from the north; Islamic conquerors coming from the south. This is much more than a victory, it was a leap of civilization. Because of this fact, the civilization's wealthiest, most brilliant, and well known in Europe were born and developed during the Middle Ages between the 8th century and the 15th century. During this period the northern nations devastated by wars of religion, and while they were engaged in a pile of blood-thirsty, Andalusia population exceeds 30 million. In this number, which is high for a time, every race and religion to move freely and with equality, and the pulse of the community is very much alive.
With streets ablaze, the capital of Cordoba provide a striking example, and in contrast to European cities which, according to the English historian, John W. Draper, "Seven hundred years after this, no more than a single public lamp in London. In Paris, centuries later, anyone who stepped on a rainy day, her legs covered in mud up to the wrist.
Andalusia was finally collapsed in 1492 with the fall of Granada, last Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. But then, Europe dealing with the Ottoman Empire, which began to advance in the Balkans in the fifteenth century as a result of a couple of wins and a mass conversion among Balkan people. Conversion is never forced or obtained by pressure. At that time, the Islamic morality imposed by the Ottomans made the people who witnessed it chose Islam freely. Ottoman civilization built on the moral values of the Qur'an such as justice, equality, tolerance, and compassion, and it applies in the Balkans for 400 years. Traces can still be seen there (a large number of relics was destroyed by Serb forces and missiles during the war in Bosnia, but this does not change the facts of history). Islamic civilization based on the Koran is an important part of Europe. Even today, quite a lot of European Muslims living in the Balkans.
One seoarang people who believe that European civilization has learned a lot from Islam and that the two civilizations always closely related are Charles, Prince of Wales. Prince Charles describing Islamic civilization and experience what is taught in the Andalusian and Ottoman Balkans to Europe are: diplomacy, free trade, open borders, the techniques of academic research, it all comes from Andalusia. Medieval Islam was a religion with a remarkable tolerance for its time, so that Jews and Christians should practice their inherited beliefs, and setting an example which, unfortunately, was not replicated for centuries in the West. What is surprising is the fact that Islam has been part of Europe for so long, first in Spain, then in the Balkans, and has contributed so much to the civilization of which are, wrongly, regarded as entirely Western. Islam is a part of the past and present Western civilization, in all fields of human endeavor. Islam has helped to create modern Europe. Islam is part of the Western heritage, not separate things.
Ambassador of Sweden, Ingmar Karlsson, known in Turkey for his book, Islam and Europe, said that in the Andalusia, Christians, Muslims, and Jews lived together in peace and this should be taken as a model in Europe.
International Community High Representative in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Wolfgang Petritsch, stresses in an article dated 20 November 2001 edition of the New York Times that the fight against terrorism should not be directed against Islam and that Islam must not be forgotten that it is actually a part of Europe. In his article, "Islam is a part of the West, also," he stated: "When we step out of the paradigm us-and-them, we might remember that Islam is part of the European tradition." Keeping in mind these historical facts is one way to prevent the chaos that desired by provocateurs who put forward the thesis "clash of civilizations". Differences in civilization is not the reason for the conflict, but rather, can be an important means to promote dialogue.
Reference : http://www.riseofislam.com/europe_and_islam_02.html
Saturday, January 5, 2013
HISTORY OF MOESLIM LEADER : THE LION OF DESSERT, AND POOR SULTAN, SALAHUDIN AL AYUBI OR SALADIN, KING OF KINGDOM OF HEAVEN AND PLURAL KINGDOM
Salahudin
Al Ayubi, or often referred to as "Saladin" in the western world, is a
Muslim warlord who fought with admirable skill keshalihannya to both
friends and opponents. Courage and heroism recorded history in the arena of the crusade.
July 1192 in a Muslim army attacked crusade crusader tents outside the city walls of Jaffa, including no tents King of England, Richard I. King Richard was to meet the Muslim army attack on foot with his soldiers. Comparison of the Muslims and Christians is 4:1. Salahudin Al Ayubi who saw him in this condition said to his brother: "How could a king walking with soldiers? Go grab this arab horse and give him, a man as good as he was not supposed to be in this place on foot ". Fragments of the above noted as one of the characters from Salahudin generous, even to enemies though. Walalupun being above the wind remained fair and respects his opponents.
Living History Salahudin
Salahudin Takreet born in a castle on the banks of the river Tigris (Iraq regions) in 1137 CE or 532 Hijri. Real name is Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayub. His father Najm ad-Din still descendants of Kurds and became manager of the castle. After the birth family Salahudin Najm-ad-Din went to Mosul, due to a conflict in the castle. In Mosul, Najm family meet and assist Zangi, an Arab ruler who tried to unite the Muslim areas split into several kingdoms such as Syria, Antioch, Aleppo, Tripoli, Horns, Yarussalem, Damascus.
Zangi had mastered next Zangi Syria ready to face the Crusaders invasion of Europe has begun to enter Palestine. Zangi with his brother; Nuruddin mentor Salahudin start small grow in a family environment knight. From small already seen strong character Salahudin humble, Santu and compassionate. Nuruddin Zangi died replaced. Salahudin uncle, Shirkuh was later appointed to conquer Egypt when it was controlled by the Fatimid dynasty. After the fifth attack, the year 1189 can be controlled by Egypt. Shirkuh died. Furthermore Salahudin appointed by Nuruddin a substitute Shirkuh.
Salahudin young and deemed "green" was able to mobilize and reorganize the army and the economy in Egypt, especially for a possible invasion of the army of the Cross. Many times the Crusaders attack in Egypt could Salahudin break. However, success in leading Egyptian Salahudin result Nuruddin worried unrivaled. As a result, their relationship deteriorated. Nur ad-Din in 1175 to send troops to conquer Egypt. But Din died when the fleet is on the way. Finally, the attack is canceled. Handed over power to his son was still very young. Salahudin went to Damascus to express condolences. His arrival was widely welcomed and applauded. Salahudin mannered intend to hand over power to the new king and is still young. In the same year the young king is sick and died. He has been replaced by an appointed Salahudin Caliphate leaders of Syria and Egypt.
Salahudin and Crusades
When Salahudin ruling crusade underway in the second phase with the mastering of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. But the Crusaders are not able to conquer Damascus and Cairo. As it happens Salahudin truce between the King of Jerusalem from the Crusaders, Guy de Lusignan.
Crusade which is touted as the third phase of the attack was triggered by the Crusaders against the Muslim pilgrims from Damascus entourage. The attack was led by Reginald de Chattilon authorities in Kerak castle which is part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The whole caravan was slaughtered including Salahudin sister. This incident destroyed the ceasefire agreement between Damascus and Jerusalem. March 1187 after the holy month of Ramadan, calling for Jihad Salahudin Qittal. Muslims moving troops conquer fortresses Crusaders. Salahudin glories peak occurs at Hattin War.
Hattin War occurred in July were dry. Muslim troops to the number of 25,000 people surrounded the area Hattin crusader-like horns. Muslim army consisted of 12,000 horsemen (cavalry) the rest were foot soldiers (infantry). Cavalry troops Muslim Yemen agile horse with light cotton clothing (kazaghand) to minimize heat in the desert. They are well organized, communicate with Arabic. Troops are divided into several small squadrons using hit and run tactics.
Crusaders consists of three parts. The front of the troops are troops Hospitallers, the center is the royal battalion led Guy de Lusignan who was also carrying a large cross as a symbol of the kingdom. The back is the order of the Knights Templar army led by Balian of Ibelin. Language they use mix between English, French and several other European languages. Like most European armies they use armor of heavy steel, which actually is not suitable for use in desert warfare.
Salahudin exploit these gaps. Evening Muslim troops burned the dry grass around the Crusaders were already very hot and thirsty. Tomorrow morning Salahudin allot additional arrows in his cavalry to cut down the enemy saddler. Without horses and crummy hot, crusader is much reduced strength. When the battle took place with the hot temperature conditions almost all of the Crusaders were killed. Guy de Lusignan King of Jerusalem successfully captured while Reginald de Chattilon ever caliph of the Muslims slaughtered immediately beheaded. To King Guy, Salahudin treated well and released with a ransom a few years later.
Towards Jerusalem
Of Hattin, Salahudin moving towards the cities of Acre, Beirut and Sidon to be released. Furthermore Salahudin move towards Jerusalem. In the liberation of the cities or fortress Salahudin always put diplomacy and submission rather than direct military raids. Salahudin troops surrounded the city of Jerusalem, the Crusaders in Jerusalem led by Balian of Obelin. Four days later Salahudin receive offers surrender of Balian. Jerusalem delivered unto the hands of the Muslims. Salahuddin ensure the freedom and security of the Christians and Jews. These fragments in immortalized in the movie "Kingdom Of Heaven" directed by Ridley Scott. On 27 Rajab 583 AH or coincide with Isra Mi'raj Prophet, Salahudin entered the city of Jerusalem.
There is a conversation in the film Kingdom Of Heaven interest to the author, more or less like this:
Balian: "I leave you the key to the city of Jerusalem, but you should be able to guarantee the safety of us, the non-Muslim"
Salahudin: "I will guarantee your safety"
Balian: "What we can guarantee that you will keep your promise?" (Balian still remember the times when Jerusalem fell to the Crusaders, many Muslim civilians were massacred to the city of Jerusalem crowded with corpses, and Balian do worry Salahudin the same)
Salahudin: "(paused staring Balian ..) I will fulfill the promise, God willing .. I was Salahudin I'm not like you people."
..................................................................In Jerusalem, Salahudin again showing a fair policy and attitude as a leader of the righteous. Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Mosque of Omar bin Khattab cleaned but for the Church of the Holy Sepulchre remained open and granted Christians freedom to worship therein. Salahudin said: "good Muslims should glorify the place of worship of other religions." In sharp contrast to that done by the Crusaders in the early conquest of the city of Jerusalem (the beginning of the crusade), history records the blood flooded the city of Jerusalem and the bodies of the Muslims were massacred. Salahudin a forgiving attitude and generous kindness with firmness is an example to all the worlds are ordered Islam.
Salahudin Al-Ayubi not stay in magnificent palaces. He actually lived in a small mosque called Al-Khanagah in Dolorossa. The room can only accommodate its width is less than 6 orang.Walaupun as a great king and the winner of the war, Salahudin upholds the luxury and simplicity and avoid corruption.
Salahudin successfully defend Jerusalem from the enemy attack Richard the Lion Heart, King of England. Richard attacked and laid siege to Jerusalem in December 1191 and July 1192. But the attack-attack can be thwarted by Salahudin. The enemy was in full effect Salahudin generous. When Richard was sick and injured, Salahudin stop fighting and send gifts as well as the treatment team to Richard. Richard went back to the UK without successfully defeated Salahudin.
Throughout the history of Jerusalem as a city holy to three religions, since overrun Salahudin, Jerusalem has never fallen into the hands of others. Only after World War I, Jerusalem fell to the British who then delivered into the hands of Israel.
During his life Salahudin more stay in the barracks with the soldiers than live in a palace. Salahudin died March 4, 1193 in Damascus. The undertaker was shocked because it was Salahudin no possessions. It only has a piece of shroud always brought her in any way and money worth 66 dirhams nasirian (Syrian currency at that time).
Until now Salahudin Al-Ayubi still remembered as a great hero full of generosity.
Reference :
http://wagenugraha.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/salahudin-al-ayub/
Thankhttp://translate.google.co.id/?hl=en&tab=wT#id/en/s for :
July 1192 in a Muslim army attacked crusade crusader tents outside the city walls of Jaffa, including no tents King of England, Richard I. King Richard was to meet the Muslim army attack on foot with his soldiers. Comparison of the Muslims and Christians is 4:1. Salahudin Al Ayubi who saw him in this condition said to his brother: "How could a king walking with soldiers? Go grab this arab horse and give him, a man as good as he was not supposed to be in this place on foot ". Fragments of the above noted as one of the characters from Salahudin generous, even to enemies though. Walalupun being above the wind remained fair and respects his opponents.
Living History Salahudin
Salahudin Takreet born in a castle on the banks of the river Tigris (Iraq regions) in 1137 CE or 532 Hijri. Real name is Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayub. His father Najm ad-Din still descendants of Kurds and became manager of the castle. After the birth family Salahudin Najm-ad-Din went to Mosul, due to a conflict in the castle. In Mosul, Najm family meet and assist Zangi, an Arab ruler who tried to unite the Muslim areas split into several kingdoms such as Syria, Antioch, Aleppo, Tripoli, Horns, Yarussalem, Damascus.
Zangi had mastered next Zangi Syria ready to face the Crusaders invasion of Europe has begun to enter Palestine. Zangi with his brother; Nuruddin mentor Salahudin start small grow in a family environment knight. From small already seen strong character Salahudin humble, Santu and compassionate. Nuruddin Zangi died replaced. Salahudin uncle, Shirkuh was later appointed to conquer Egypt when it was controlled by the Fatimid dynasty. After the fifth attack, the year 1189 can be controlled by Egypt. Shirkuh died. Furthermore Salahudin appointed by Nuruddin a substitute Shirkuh.
Salahudin young and deemed "green" was able to mobilize and reorganize the army and the economy in Egypt, especially for a possible invasion of the army of the Cross. Many times the Crusaders attack in Egypt could Salahudin break. However, success in leading Egyptian Salahudin result Nuruddin worried unrivaled. As a result, their relationship deteriorated. Nur ad-Din in 1175 to send troops to conquer Egypt. But Din died when the fleet is on the way. Finally, the attack is canceled. Handed over power to his son was still very young. Salahudin went to Damascus to express condolences. His arrival was widely welcomed and applauded. Salahudin mannered intend to hand over power to the new king and is still young. In the same year the young king is sick and died. He has been replaced by an appointed Salahudin Caliphate leaders of Syria and Egypt.
Salahudin and Crusades
When Salahudin ruling crusade underway in the second phase with the mastering of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. But the Crusaders are not able to conquer Damascus and Cairo. As it happens Salahudin truce between the King of Jerusalem from the Crusaders, Guy de Lusignan.
Crusade which is touted as the third phase of the attack was triggered by the Crusaders against the Muslim pilgrims from Damascus entourage. The attack was led by Reginald de Chattilon authorities in Kerak castle which is part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The whole caravan was slaughtered including Salahudin sister. This incident destroyed the ceasefire agreement between Damascus and Jerusalem. March 1187 after the holy month of Ramadan, calling for Jihad Salahudin Qittal. Muslims moving troops conquer fortresses Crusaders. Salahudin glories peak occurs at Hattin War.
Hattin War occurred in July were dry. Muslim troops to the number of 25,000 people surrounded the area Hattin crusader-like horns. Muslim army consisted of 12,000 horsemen (cavalry) the rest were foot soldiers (infantry). Cavalry troops Muslim Yemen agile horse with light cotton clothing (kazaghand) to minimize heat in the desert. They are well organized, communicate with Arabic. Troops are divided into several small squadrons using hit and run tactics.
Crusaders consists of three parts. The front of the troops are troops Hospitallers, the center is the royal battalion led Guy de Lusignan who was also carrying a large cross as a symbol of the kingdom. The back is the order of the Knights Templar army led by Balian of Ibelin. Language they use mix between English, French and several other European languages. Like most European armies they use armor of heavy steel, which actually is not suitable for use in desert warfare.
Salahudin exploit these gaps. Evening Muslim troops burned the dry grass around the Crusaders were already very hot and thirsty. Tomorrow morning Salahudin allot additional arrows in his cavalry to cut down the enemy saddler. Without horses and crummy hot, crusader is much reduced strength. When the battle took place with the hot temperature conditions almost all of the Crusaders were killed. Guy de Lusignan King of Jerusalem successfully captured while Reginald de Chattilon ever caliph of the Muslims slaughtered immediately beheaded. To King Guy, Salahudin treated well and released with a ransom a few years later.
Towards Jerusalem
Of Hattin, Salahudin moving towards the cities of Acre, Beirut and Sidon to be released. Furthermore Salahudin move towards Jerusalem. In the liberation of the cities or fortress Salahudin always put diplomacy and submission rather than direct military raids. Salahudin troops surrounded the city of Jerusalem, the Crusaders in Jerusalem led by Balian of Obelin. Four days later Salahudin receive offers surrender of Balian. Jerusalem delivered unto the hands of the Muslims. Salahuddin ensure the freedom and security of the Christians and Jews. These fragments in immortalized in the movie "Kingdom Of Heaven" directed by Ridley Scott. On 27 Rajab 583 AH or coincide with Isra Mi'raj Prophet, Salahudin entered the city of Jerusalem.
There is a conversation in the film Kingdom Of Heaven interest to the author, more or less like this:
Balian: "I leave you the key to the city of Jerusalem, but you should be able to guarantee the safety of us, the non-Muslim"
Salahudin: "I will guarantee your safety"
Balian: "What we can guarantee that you will keep your promise?" (Balian still remember the times when Jerusalem fell to the Crusaders, many Muslim civilians were massacred to the city of Jerusalem crowded with corpses, and Balian do worry Salahudin the same)
Salahudin: "(paused staring Balian ..) I will fulfill the promise, God willing .. I was Salahudin I'm not like you people."
..................................................................In Jerusalem, Salahudin again showing a fair policy and attitude as a leader of the righteous. Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Mosque of Omar bin Khattab cleaned but for the Church of the Holy Sepulchre remained open and granted Christians freedom to worship therein. Salahudin said: "good Muslims should glorify the place of worship of other religions." In sharp contrast to that done by the Crusaders in the early conquest of the city of Jerusalem (the beginning of the crusade), history records the blood flooded the city of Jerusalem and the bodies of the Muslims were massacred. Salahudin a forgiving attitude and generous kindness with firmness is an example to all the worlds are ordered Islam.
Salahudin Al-Ayubi not stay in magnificent palaces. He actually lived in a small mosque called Al-Khanagah in Dolorossa. The room can only accommodate its width is less than 6 orang.Walaupun as a great king and the winner of the war, Salahudin upholds the luxury and simplicity and avoid corruption.
Salahudin successfully defend Jerusalem from the enemy attack Richard the Lion Heart, King of England. Richard attacked and laid siege to Jerusalem in December 1191 and July 1192. But the attack-attack can be thwarted by Salahudin. The enemy was in full effect Salahudin generous. When Richard was sick and injured, Salahudin stop fighting and send gifts as well as the treatment team to Richard. Richard went back to the UK without successfully defeated Salahudin.
Throughout the history of Jerusalem as a city holy to three religions, since overrun Salahudin, Jerusalem has never fallen into the hands of others. Only after World War I, Jerusalem fell to the British who then delivered into the hands of Israel.
During his life Salahudin more stay in the barracks with the soldiers than live in a palace. Salahudin died March 4, 1193 in Damascus. The undertaker was shocked because it was Salahudin no possessions. It only has a piece of shroud always brought her in any way and money worth 66 dirhams nasirian (Syrian currency at that time).
Until now Salahudin Al-Ayubi still remembered as a great hero full of generosity.
Reference :
http://wagenugraha.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/salahudin-al-ayub/
Thankhttp://translate.google.co.id/?hl=en&tab=wT#id/en/s for :
HISTORY OF ISLAM : RISE OF NATIONS MOOR, THE POWER OF ISLAM IN THE LAND OF SPAIN, SPAIN HISTORY
Internal divisions Muslim rulers plus barrage of various European royal make Moorish rule in Spain shaky.Nation's Moor is called for Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who ruled Spain between 711 AD to 1492. Islamic leader who achieved the first time Spain was Abd al-Rahman.The Christians in the Iberian Peninsula began to use the term 'Moor' exclusively for Muslims. Moor is a word that refers to people who are from Morocco. This is because the first Muslims arrived in Spain in 711 an Arab from North Africa. Besides Moor, words such as' Moriscos' and `Mudejares' is used for designation of the Moors in the mid-13th century.
The Moors lived in Andalusia, Spain, which in the early period of history, including the area of Portugal and southern France. In 732 AD Ramadan, Muslims were defeated at Tours-Poitiers, France, known as "The Pavement of the Martyrs" or in Arabic "Balaat asSyuhad" meaning land of the martyrs. As a result of the defeat of the Moors army troops Karel Martel (Charlemagne), the control of the Muslims in the region of Toulouse, Narbonne, Lyon, southern France and the other vanished until 975 AD After France failed to master, Muslims in Spain focusing on Andalusia, southern Spain, to build a civilization.
Andalusia comes from the Arabic 'Al-Andalus', which has several meanings.One meaning is "to be green after a long summer or drought", and the history of the Iberian Peninsula for centuries when Muslims ruled Spain prove it. In addition to developing Andalusia, the Moors created a beautiful range of luxurious palaces.One of the most famous in the Alhambra, Granada.Alhambra palace was built in 1238 by Sultan Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar.
In Spain, the Nation of Moorish married to different nationalities, including Spanish-Muslim population and rule with wisdom and justice. Christians and Jews are treated with tolerance so that some of them many who occupy important positions in government, and even some who eventually converted to Islam. They were allowed to work, serving soldiers, manage the land, and even practicing their religion.
Under the rule of the Moors, the Spanish economy to prosper.They also promote trade and agriculture, developing art, a valuable contribution to science, and made Cordoba as the most advanced in Europe.In two decades, the majority of Andalus, especially the majority of Christians, accept Islam as a recognition of security, peace, and freedom of religion and expression under Muslim rule.
During the reign of Abdur-Rahman (755-788) of the Moors began to build Islamic civilization as already developed in Damascus and Baghdad. The place to stay caliph, Madinat al-Zahra, a palace complex made of marble, cement, ivory, and onyx.Madinat al-Zahra was built for 40 years at a cost of one-third of the income of Cordoba, one of the wonders of the world at that time.
In the 10th century, the population of Cordoba reached 500 thousand. Historically, the city had 700 mosques, 60 thousand palaces, and 70 libraries that hold more than 500 thousand manuscripts.Cordoba also had some 900 public baths and streets decorated with lights, the first city in Europe to have street lights.
For nearly eight centuries under the rule of the Moors in Spain are examples of civilized nations.Fertility of the soil makes agriculture very productive, plus the engineering skills of the conquerors. Cities appear countless. In Cordoba are all beauty andornaments that delight the eye. Pearl necklace and a beautiful dress into art and industry.Art, literature, and science developed pesatnya.Matematika, astronomy, botany, history, fil safat, and legal sciences that developed in Spain.
In addition, kecermerlangan Granada transmit light of knowledge to all corners of Europe to inspire the spirit of knowledge.At a time when many European kings could not read or write, a Moorish sultan had a personal library of six hundred thousand books. At the moment 99 per cent of Europeans are illiterate, City Moor of Cordoba had 800 public schools.There is not a village within the limits kesultananan Moor, except having educational services that can be enjoyed by the children of the poorest farmers. It's hard to find a farmer who can not read Moor.
Moors in Spain began to weaken due to internal strife and attacks from the Christian kingdoms unrelenting.Little by little, the power of the Moors from Spain began declining North. As a result, millions of the Moors left Spain carrying their belongings.Meanwhile, European kings retake Toledo, Cordoba, and Seville. In the 11th century, the Spanish Christian resistance began to grow, and under Alfonso VI Christian forces take back Toledo. .
Faced with opposition Christian kingdoms, the Muslim rulers in Spain for help Almoravids, a Berber tribal dynasty in North Africa to come to their aid. Troops Almoravids came and managed to destroy the Christian rebellion in Spain.However, in 1147 the Almoravids defeated by another coalition of Berber tribes, the Almohads Dynasty.
In 1482, Moorish Islamic empire was split and await death. Finally, on January 2, 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella finally fly the flag of Christian Spain above the Alhambra. L8 In December 1499, about 3,000 Moor was baptized by Cardinal Ximenes and a leading mosque in Granada converted into a church. Thousands of books were the works of the Moors destroyed by Ximenes, except for books on medicine. In 1500, in a big mosque, where women and children flee, all books in Arabic, especially the Qur'an, gathered to burn. Ximenes had burned more than 1,005,000 volumes Moor cultural work.
Strength Symbol Andalusia
When the 90-year reign of the Umayyads fell in 132 H, Abdurrahman bin Muawiyah also known as Abdurrahman al-Dakhel, escaped from the clutches of Bani Abbas to Morocco, North Africa. After that, he took advantage of the conflict in Spain and the dispute between Arab tribes.
With bantauan supporters Umayyads and Yemeni tribes, Abdurrahman al-Dakhel successfully entered the City of Andalusia, Spain, together with his entourage coming from North Africa. By mastering Qurtuba City (Cordoba), resilient Abdurrahman form a government with the name of the Umayyad government Andalus as the successor to Power Umayyads in Damascus were razed by the Abbasid dynasty.They also got called 'Moor' by the local Spanish community.
After that, Abdurrahman III calls himself the caliph. He then ordered the construction of City of Madinat al-Zahra in ideology and political program. Madinat al-Zahra was built 13 kilometers Northwest Cordoba, Spain, with a length of 1.52 kilometers and a width of 745 meters. Madinat al-Zahra Complex is divided into three sections.The main part is the caliphs palace called Dar al-Mulk. Then, in the middle of the standing government buildings and reception hall for important guests. Between the middle of the end stands a mosque.
To build the Madinat al-Zahra, Abd al-Rahman III uses a quarter of all admissions three countries for the development of the city. Construction of Medina al-Zahra spent 40 years. About 25 years under the reign of Abdul Rahman III (in 936 to 961) and 15 years under alHakam II (years 961 to 976). It can be said, Madinat Alzahra project is building the largest and most ambitious of the time.
In 1010, Madinat al-Zahra was not destroyed when groups Berber rebels ransacked the Cordoba Caliphate symbol. Until the 12th century, the Medina al-Zahra is still inhabited. Construction of Madinat al-Zahra by Abdurrahman III gives an important message to the government's rivals, such as Fathimiyah dynasty in Egypt and the Abbasids in Baghdad. In the 19th century, the ruins of Madinat al-Zahra was found in the west of Cordoba. Now, items and relics of the Umayyad city in Spain is kept in a museum near Cordoba.
The Moors lived in Andalusia, Spain, which in the early period of history, including the area of Portugal and southern France. In 732 AD Ramadan, Muslims were defeated at Tours-Poitiers, France, known as "The Pavement of the Martyrs" or in Arabic "Balaat asSyuhad" meaning land of the martyrs. As a result of the defeat of the Moors army troops Karel Martel (Charlemagne), the control of the Muslims in the region of Toulouse, Narbonne, Lyon, southern France and the other vanished until 975 AD After France failed to master, Muslims in Spain focusing on Andalusia, southern Spain, to build a civilization.
Andalusia comes from the Arabic 'Al-Andalus', which has several meanings.One meaning is "to be green after a long summer or drought", and the history of the Iberian Peninsula for centuries when Muslims ruled Spain prove it. In addition to developing Andalusia, the Moors created a beautiful range of luxurious palaces.One of the most famous in the Alhambra, Granada.Alhambra palace was built in 1238 by Sultan Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar.
In Spain, the Nation of Moorish married to different nationalities, including Spanish-Muslim population and rule with wisdom and justice. Christians and Jews are treated with tolerance so that some of them many who occupy important positions in government, and even some who eventually converted to Islam. They were allowed to work, serving soldiers, manage the land, and even practicing their religion.
Under the rule of the Moors, the Spanish economy to prosper.They also promote trade and agriculture, developing art, a valuable contribution to science, and made Cordoba as the most advanced in Europe.In two decades, the majority of Andalus, especially the majority of Christians, accept Islam as a recognition of security, peace, and freedom of religion and expression under Muslim rule.
During the reign of Abdur-Rahman (755-788) of the Moors began to build Islamic civilization as already developed in Damascus and Baghdad. The place to stay caliph, Madinat al-Zahra, a palace complex made of marble, cement, ivory, and onyx.Madinat al-Zahra was built for 40 years at a cost of one-third of the income of Cordoba, one of the wonders of the world at that time.
In the 10th century, the population of Cordoba reached 500 thousand. Historically, the city had 700 mosques, 60 thousand palaces, and 70 libraries that hold more than 500 thousand manuscripts.Cordoba also had some 900 public baths and streets decorated with lights, the first city in Europe to have street lights.
For nearly eight centuries under the rule of the Moors in Spain are examples of civilized nations.Fertility of the soil makes agriculture very productive, plus the engineering skills of the conquerors. Cities appear countless. In Cordoba are all beauty andornaments that delight the eye. Pearl necklace and a beautiful dress into art and industry.Art, literature, and science developed pesatnya.Matematika, astronomy, botany, history, fil safat, and legal sciences that developed in Spain.
In addition, kecermerlangan Granada transmit light of knowledge to all corners of Europe to inspire the spirit of knowledge.At a time when many European kings could not read or write, a Moorish sultan had a personal library of six hundred thousand books. At the moment 99 per cent of Europeans are illiterate, City Moor of Cordoba had 800 public schools.There is not a village within the limits kesultananan Moor, except having educational services that can be enjoyed by the children of the poorest farmers. It's hard to find a farmer who can not read Moor.
Moors in Spain began to weaken due to internal strife and attacks from the Christian kingdoms unrelenting.Little by little, the power of the Moors from Spain began declining North. As a result, millions of the Moors left Spain carrying their belongings.Meanwhile, European kings retake Toledo, Cordoba, and Seville. In the 11th century, the Spanish Christian resistance began to grow, and under Alfonso VI Christian forces take back Toledo. .
Faced with opposition Christian kingdoms, the Muslim rulers in Spain for help Almoravids, a Berber tribal dynasty in North Africa to come to their aid. Troops Almoravids came and managed to destroy the Christian rebellion in Spain.However, in 1147 the Almoravids defeated by another coalition of Berber tribes, the Almohads Dynasty.
In 1482, Moorish Islamic empire was split and await death. Finally, on January 2, 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella finally fly the flag of Christian Spain above the Alhambra. L8 In December 1499, about 3,000 Moor was baptized by Cardinal Ximenes and a leading mosque in Granada converted into a church. Thousands of books were the works of the Moors destroyed by Ximenes, except for books on medicine. In 1500, in a big mosque, where women and children flee, all books in Arabic, especially the Qur'an, gathered to burn. Ximenes had burned more than 1,005,000 volumes Moor cultural work.
Strength Symbol Andalusia
When the 90-year reign of the Umayyads fell in 132 H, Abdurrahman bin Muawiyah also known as Abdurrahman al-Dakhel, escaped from the clutches of Bani Abbas to Morocco, North Africa. After that, he took advantage of the conflict in Spain and the dispute between Arab tribes.
With bantauan supporters Umayyads and Yemeni tribes, Abdurrahman al-Dakhel successfully entered the City of Andalusia, Spain, together with his entourage coming from North Africa. By mastering Qurtuba City (Cordoba), resilient Abdurrahman form a government with the name of the Umayyad government Andalus as the successor to Power Umayyads in Damascus were razed by the Abbasid dynasty.They also got called 'Moor' by the local Spanish community.
After that, Abdurrahman III calls himself the caliph. He then ordered the construction of City of Madinat al-Zahra in ideology and political program. Madinat al-Zahra was built 13 kilometers Northwest Cordoba, Spain, with a length of 1.52 kilometers and a width of 745 meters. Madinat al-Zahra Complex is divided into three sections.The main part is the caliphs palace called Dar al-Mulk. Then, in the middle of the standing government buildings and reception hall for important guests. Between the middle of the end stands a mosque.
To build the Madinat al-Zahra, Abd al-Rahman III uses a quarter of all admissions three countries for the development of the city. Construction of Medina al-Zahra spent 40 years. About 25 years under the reign of Abdul Rahman III (in 936 to 961) and 15 years under alHakam II (years 961 to 976). It can be said, Madinat Alzahra project is building the largest and most ambitious of the time.
In 1010, Madinat al-Zahra was not destroyed when groups Berber rebels ransacked the Cordoba Caliphate symbol. Until the 12th century, the Medina al-Zahra is still inhabited. Construction of Madinat al-Zahra by Abdurrahman III gives an important message to the government's rivals, such as Fathimiyah dynasty in Egypt and the Abbasids in Baghdad. In the 19th century, the ruins of Madinat al-Zahra was found in the west of Cordoba. Now, items and relics of the Umayyad city in Spain is kept in a museum near Cordoba.
ISLAM OVER THE WORLD : HISTORY ENTRY ISLAM IN INDONESIA. ARE BARUS KINGDOM THE GATE?
Barus many keep important notes about the history of Islam in the archipelago. At
least this is evident from the many archaeological sites are found in
Barus, which is administratively a part of the region Central Tapanuli,
North Sumatra. And not only that, in the Barus also found the tombs of Batak kings, forts and tombs Portuguese.
In Barus, who was once famous for its Barus Kingdom also find an old kingdom, the kingdom Lobu Old (Bandar Trading The termansyur), which is estimated to have been around 3000 years before Christ. Lobu old, located in District Andam Dewi was never investigated by French researchers (Ecole francaise d'Ectreme-Orient) in 1995. (Read: Know Barus After a Thousand Years Ago)
Even various sources estimate more than that, about 5000 years before Jesus was born. This last estimate is based on the findings of various preservatives mummy of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, where one material preserved using camphor or camphor. Barus chalk is supposedly the best quality and at the time it was only found around Barus.
Meanwhile, in the independence era historian, Professor Muhammad Yamin estimate of the spice trade, including camphor is made traders archipelago since 6000 last year to various parts of the world.
While a Greek wanderer, Claudius Ptolemy mentions, in addition to Greek merchants, merchant of Venice, Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and also passing the Barus to get spices. Meanwhile, based on the old archives India, Kathasaritsagara, circa 600 AD recorded the journey of a Brahmin looking for her until the Barus. Brahmins visit Keladvipa (allegedly coconut island of Sumatra) route Ketaha (Kedah and Malaysia), along the western coast to the limestone islands in Sanskrit called Karpurasuvarnadvipa (Barus).
In about AD 627-643 or the first year of the Hijra group of Arab traders entering the port or airport Barus. Among those carrying the name Wahab bin Qabishah who landed on the island in 627 AD Mursala There are also four caliphs envoy called Shaikh Ismail who stopped at around the year 634 AD Barus Since then, the Arabs who are Muslims established a colony in Barus. The Arabs named as the Barus Fansur or Fansuri, for example by the author Sulaiman at 851 M in his Silsilatus Chronicles.
Next Dynasty dynasty of Champa (Thailand) Barus conquering empire around 850 AD and named the colony as Kalasapura. After the conquest, in the port city Barus standing colonies consisting of many separate nations of natives. A century later, the Europeans find Barus.
Interestingly, based on historical records, the famous explorer Marco Polo set foot in the airport Barus in 1292 AD While the famous Muslim historian, Ibn Battuta, visiting Barus in 1345 AD Next sailors Barus Portuguese trade in the city in 1469 AD While traders from different parts of the world stop in Barus, such as Sri Lanka, Yemen, Persia, England and Spain.
Barus As door entry of Islam in the archipelago
A local historian, Dada Meuraksa, the seminar I "The entry of Islam in the archipelago" held in Medan in 1963 Barus believes Islam arrived in the first year of the Hijra. His view is based on the discovery of the gravestone Sheikh Rukunuddin in complex archaeological site "Mahligai" or that means the same as "small palace". The tomb complex is located Dakka Aek region, about 4 kilometers from the District Barus.
According to Dada Meuraksa, tombstones located in the tomb Mahligai it argues, Sheikh Rukunuddin died at the age of 100 years, 2 months, and 22 days in Hamim or hijaratun Prophet. Meuraksa translate ha - meme was 8-40 are then summed to 48 H. The calculation was based on the book of Falak Science Tajut Mutuk.
Interestingly, the seminar took place, the view is a debate Meuraksa by renowned scholars Sumatra time, chaplain HM Arsyad Talib Lubis. According to the founder of Al Jam'iyatul Washliyah scholars, the evidence can not be used as a basis tombstone determination.
The difference in revenue was continued until a dozen years later. Only later in 1978, a number of archaeologists led by Prof. Dr. Hasan Muarif Ambary conduct research on various headstone tomb is in the vicinity of Barus, including the tomb of Sheikh Rukunuddin.
Archaeologists believe that Airlangga University Surabaya Islam had entered since I Hijri. It was based on the calculation of the first opinion by Dada strengthen Meuraksa supported a number of other historians.
In addition, the calculation of Islam in Barus was also supported by the findings of 44 tombstones known propagator of Islam or "Aulia 44" around Barus who reads Arabic and Persian. For example, Sheikh Mahmud tombstones in Board of Appeal, which was in the area Tompan, North Barus. The tomb is located diketinggian 200 meters above sea level it is still there. Some sources said the inscription on his tombstone can not be translated. That is because writing is a mix of ancient Persian alphabet with the Arabic alphabet.
That said, Sheikh Mahmud came from Hadramaut, Yemen, and is expected to come earlier than Sheikh Rukunuddin, namely the era of the first 10 years of preaching in Mecca the Prophet Muhammad. Estimated sheikh who was the prophet's relatives and friends, bringing Islam Tawheed without Sharia.
Final view mentions, Sheikh Mahmud whose tomb is located in the high board is the first Islamic propagator Barus, while 43 other scholars are followers and disciples.
According to sources encountered (during a visit in Barus and Singkil, South Aceh in late November 2011) states, the 43 tombs among Islamic scholars spreader, the tomb of Sheikh Rukunuddin, Sheikh Al Fansuri Abdurrauf Stone Agency or lord, lord Ambar, Mr. Head Edge , Mr. Sirampak, Mr. Tembang, Wood Manang lord, lord Machdum, Sheikh Ilyas Zainal Abidin, Sheikh Ahmad Khatib Sidik, and the tomb of Imam Mua'azhansyah. Furthermore, there is the tomb of Imam Chatib Miktibai, Pinago my lord, my lord Sultan Ibrahim bin Sultan Tuanku Muhammadsyah Chaniago, and the tomb of Lord Digaung.
The presence of Islam in Barus directly related to Islam in Aceh. This opinion isever made chaplain Djamaluddin Coal (deceased), a local historian and some communities in Barus found ustad master Djamaluddin very grave historical archaeological sites "Aulia 44" is.
Meanwhile, some ancient records show the presence of three Islamic scholars who connect Barus and Aceh. For example, the presence of famous scholars Shaykh Hamza Fansuri (too bad when visiting Singkil, the author has not been able to visit his grave, which according to some sources in the area Singkil Runding, still in wliayah Aceh) and Sheikh Shamsuddin as Sumatrani. However, their religious ideas at odds with Sheikh Abdul Rauf As Singkil (whose tomb is in Singkil, South Aceh.
Many Islamic historians believe, that the two previous scholars that live and propagate their respective ideologies in the region Barus. It was only after they came under attack Wujudiah understanding of Sheik Abdul Rauf Singkil not recognized by the Islamic Kingdom Pasai Ocean, Aceh.
Current Conditions Site Pubakala in Barus
There are a concern for visiting the tombs of Aulia in the Barus. Some existing tomb archaeological site condition requiring special attention. Suppose Kinali grave sites in the area. Kinali village in the region, the authors found two tomb archaeological site in appalling conditions.
Tuanku Pinago ancient burial site or Shaykh Ratif (according to local information), whose tomb is located on the river bank that the condition is quite alarming. In addition to untreated, bushes growing wild around the tomb area covered grave. Meanwhile, around the ancient burial site was not built the tomb of archaeological site information. Very different from other ancient grave sites, such as the tomb of Mahmud Syehk, lord Machdum and Mahligai tomb complex.
Meanwhile, my lord Kinali grave site, a short distance away from the tomb Pinago lord is not much different conditions. The author found the ancient burial site has been mingled with the tombs of the general public.
The access road to the cemetery two archaeological sites in this Kinali be improved, of course, by doing paving. That will facilitate anyone who will visit this ancient site.
In Coral Island, a distance of about half a mile from the west coast of Sumatra (Barus), there is an ancient grave site is blocked by bushes. So difficult for people who are first-time visitors.
Apart from the information gathered, the Barus with various historical sites Purbakalanya diversity is one of the pride of the history of the archipelago is invaluable and should remain preserved until whenever. Just as we preserve archaeological sites that have been there, namely Borobudur, Prambanan, Walisongo tombs and other archaeological sites in the land of the archipelago.
Prof Dr. Vanessa Hudgens (Presidential Advisory Council Member-Watimpres Representatives Education and Culture) during a visit to Barus, Central Tapanuli, Friday (18/11/2011) argued, archaeological sites in Barus can be national pride. Professor at the University of Bung Hatta, Padang is also confirmed, Barus who has a wealth of both the culture and attraction must be maintained and preserved.
"Write something about this Barus Barus as part of national pride, as well as our Self, national identity because it shows that the old civilization of Indonesia may also forgotten people. It might even be able to answer whether the Marine was also here. We always think of eastern Indonesia, but perhaps here also there, "he said.
The wife of economist Prof Dr Sri Edi Swasono also suggested that Barus feasible to set up museum. And the actual museum building plans will have long established. Author's knowledge creation museum committee was formed about three years ago. Unfortunately, when I was in the area for 9 days Barus, the location of the new museum is only visible foundations.
Hopefully the writing is still very "poor" with this data can add insight. It is so much of civilization and prosperity of the archipelago in the past. So that there is no reason for us not to be proud of the archipelago.
sources of support:
The Chronicles of "masuknya Islam ke bandar Barus", North Sumatra by Dada Meuraxa, 1973
Books Bunga Nauli Sibolga Tapian Rampa - Indonesia Published Tapian Nauli seven Sekawan 1995
Early History of Old Books Labo Barus, Obor Indonesia, 2002
Chronicles of the Kings of Barus; Two Scrolls Of Barus, utam Scholastic Press, 2003
Nauli Magazine Bases
Author: Rusman-Director of Corporate Global Future Institute (The Global Review)
Reference :
http://ahmadsamantho.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/barus-peradaban-dan-pintu-gerbang-masuknya-islam-di-nusantara/
Thank's to :
http://translate.google.co.id/?hl=en&tab=wT#id/en/
In Barus, who was once famous for its Barus Kingdom also find an old kingdom, the kingdom Lobu Old (Bandar Trading The termansyur), which is estimated to have been around 3000 years before Christ. Lobu old, located in District Andam Dewi was never investigated by French researchers (Ecole francaise d'Ectreme-Orient) in 1995. (Read: Know Barus After a Thousand Years Ago)
Even various sources estimate more than that, about 5000 years before Jesus was born. This last estimate is based on the findings of various preservatives mummy of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, where one material preserved using camphor or camphor. Barus chalk is supposedly the best quality and at the time it was only found around Barus.
Meanwhile, in the independence era historian, Professor Muhammad Yamin estimate of the spice trade, including camphor is made traders archipelago since 6000 last year to various parts of the world.
While a Greek wanderer, Claudius Ptolemy mentions, in addition to Greek merchants, merchant of Venice, Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and also passing the Barus to get spices. Meanwhile, based on the old archives India, Kathasaritsagara, circa 600 AD recorded the journey of a Brahmin looking for her until the Barus. Brahmins visit Keladvipa (allegedly coconut island of Sumatra) route Ketaha (Kedah and Malaysia), along the western coast to the limestone islands in Sanskrit called Karpurasuvarnadvipa (Barus).
In about AD 627-643 or the first year of the Hijra group of Arab traders entering the port or airport Barus. Among those carrying the name Wahab bin Qabishah who landed on the island in 627 AD Mursala There are also four caliphs envoy called Shaikh Ismail who stopped at around the year 634 AD Barus Since then, the Arabs who are Muslims established a colony in Barus. The Arabs named as the Barus Fansur or Fansuri, for example by the author Sulaiman at 851 M in his Silsilatus Chronicles.
Next Dynasty dynasty of Champa (Thailand) Barus conquering empire around 850 AD and named the colony as Kalasapura. After the conquest, in the port city Barus standing colonies consisting of many separate nations of natives. A century later, the Europeans find Barus.
Interestingly, based on historical records, the famous explorer Marco Polo set foot in the airport Barus in 1292 AD While the famous Muslim historian, Ibn Battuta, visiting Barus in 1345 AD Next sailors Barus Portuguese trade in the city in 1469 AD While traders from different parts of the world stop in Barus, such as Sri Lanka, Yemen, Persia, England and Spain.
Barus As door entry of Islam in the archipelago
A local historian, Dada Meuraksa, the seminar I "The entry of Islam in the archipelago" held in Medan in 1963 Barus believes Islam arrived in the first year of the Hijra. His view is based on the discovery of the gravestone Sheikh Rukunuddin in complex archaeological site "Mahligai" or that means the same as "small palace". The tomb complex is located Dakka Aek region, about 4 kilometers from the District Barus.
According to Dada Meuraksa, tombstones located in the tomb Mahligai it argues, Sheikh Rukunuddin died at the age of 100 years, 2 months, and 22 days in Hamim or hijaratun Prophet. Meuraksa translate ha - meme was 8-40 are then summed to 48 H. The calculation was based on the book of Falak Science Tajut Mutuk.
Interestingly, the seminar took place, the view is a debate Meuraksa by renowned scholars Sumatra time, chaplain HM Arsyad Talib Lubis. According to the founder of Al Jam'iyatul Washliyah scholars, the evidence can not be used as a basis tombstone determination.
The difference in revenue was continued until a dozen years later. Only later in 1978, a number of archaeologists led by Prof. Dr. Hasan Muarif Ambary conduct research on various headstone tomb is in the vicinity of Barus, including the tomb of Sheikh Rukunuddin.
Archaeologists believe that Airlangga University Surabaya Islam had entered since I Hijri. It was based on the calculation of the first opinion by Dada strengthen Meuraksa supported a number of other historians.
In addition, the calculation of Islam in Barus was also supported by the findings of 44 tombstones known propagator of Islam or "Aulia 44" around Barus who reads Arabic and Persian. For example, Sheikh Mahmud tombstones in Board of Appeal, which was in the area Tompan, North Barus. The tomb is located diketinggian 200 meters above sea level it is still there. Some sources said the inscription on his tombstone can not be translated. That is because writing is a mix of ancient Persian alphabet with the Arabic alphabet.
That said, Sheikh Mahmud came from Hadramaut, Yemen, and is expected to come earlier than Sheikh Rukunuddin, namely the era of the first 10 years of preaching in Mecca the Prophet Muhammad. Estimated sheikh who was the prophet's relatives and friends, bringing Islam Tawheed without Sharia.
Final view mentions, Sheikh Mahmud whose tomb is located in the high board is the first Islamic propagator Barus, while 43 other scholars are followers and disciples.
According to sources encountered (during a visit in Barus and Singkil, South Aceh in late November 2011) states, the 43 tombs among Islamic scholars spreader, the tomb of Sheikh Rukunuddin, Sheikh Al Fansuri Abdurrauf Stone Agency or lord, lord Ambar, Mr. Head Edge , Mr. Sirampak, Mr. Tembang, Wood Manang lord, lord Machdum, Sheikh Ilyas Zainal Abidin, Sheikh Ahmad Khatib Sidik, and the tomb of Imam Mua'azhansyah. Furthermore, there is the tomb of Imam Chatib Miktibai, Pinago my lord, my lord Sultan Ibrahim bin Sultan Tuanku Muhammadsyah Chaniago, and the tomb of Lord Digaung.
The presence of Islam in Barus directly related to Islam in Aceh. This opinion isever made chaplain Djamaluddin Coal (deceased), a local historian and some communities in Barus found ustad master Djamaluddin very grave historical archaeological sites "Aulia 44" is.
Meanwhile, some ancient records show the presence of three Islamic scholars who connect Barus and Aceh. For example, the presence of famous scholars Shaykh Hamza Fansuri (too bad when visiting Singkil, the author has not been able to visit his grave, which according to some sources in the area Singkil Runding, still in wliayah Aceh) and Sheikh Shamsuddin as Sumatrani. However, their religious ideas at odds with Sheikh Abdul Rauf As Singkil (whose tomb is in Singkil, South Aceh.
Many Islamic historians believe, that the two previous scholars that live and propagate their respective ideologies in the region Barus. It was only after they came under attack Wujudiah understanding of Sheik Abdul Rauf Singkil not recognized by the Islamic Kingdom Pasai Ocean, Aceh.
Current Conditions Site Pubakala in Barus
There are a concern for visiting the tombs of Aulia in the Barus. Some existing tomb archaeological site condition requiring special attention. Suppose Kinali grave sites in the area. Kinali village in the region, the authors found two tomb archaeological site in appalling conditions.
Tuanku Pinago ancient burial site or Shaykh Ratif (according to local information), whose tomb is located on the river bank that the condition is quite alarming. In addition to untreated, bushes growing wild around the tomb area covered grave. Meanwhile, around the ancient burial site was not built the tomb of archaeological site information. Very different from other ancient grave sites, such as the tomb of Mahmud Syehk, lord Machdum and Mahligai tomb complex.
Meanwhile, my lord Kinali grave site, a short distance away from the tomb Pinago lord is not much different conditions. The author found the ancient burial site has been mingled with the tombs of the general public.
The access road to the cemetery two archaeological sites in this Kinali be improved, of course, by doing paving. That will facilitate anyone who will visit this ancient site.
In Coral Island, a distance of about half a mile from the west coast of Sumatra (Barus), there is an ancient grave site is blocked by bushes. So difficult for people who are first-time visitors.
Apart from the information gathered, the Barus with various historical sites Purbakalanya diversity is one of the pride of the history of the archipelago is invaluable and should remain preserved until whenever. Just as we preserve archaeological sites that have been there, namely Borobudur, Prambanan, Walisongo tombs and other archaeological sites in the land of the archipelago.
Prof Dr. Vanessa Hudgens (Presidential Advisory Council Member-Watimpres Representatives Education and Culture) during a visit to Barus, Central Tapanuli, Friday (18/11/2011) argued, archaeological sites in Barus can be national pride. Professor at the University of Bung Hatta, Padang is also confirmed, Barus who has a wealth of both the culture and attraction must be maintained and preserved.
"Write something about this Barus Barus as part of national pride, as well as our Self, national identity because it shows that the old civilization of Indonesia may also forgotten people. It might even be able to answer whether the Marine was also here. We always think of eastern Indonesia, but perhaps here also there, "he said.
The wife of economist Prof Dr Sri Edi Swasono also suggested that Barus feasible to set up museum. And the actual museum building plans will have long established. Author's knowledge creation museum committee was formed about three years ago. Unfortunately, when I was in the area for 9 days Barus, the location of the new museum is only visible foundations.
Hopefully the writing is still very "poor" with this data can add insight. It is so much of civilization and prosperity of the archipelago in the past. So that there is no reason for us not to be proud of the archipelago.
sources of support:
The Chronicles of "masuknya Islam ke bandar Barus", North Sumatra by Dada Meuraxa, 1973
Books Bunga Nauli Sibolga Tapian Rampa - Indonesia Published Tapian Nauli seven Sekawan 1995
Early History of Old Books Labo Barus, Obor Indonesia, 2002
Chronicles of the Kings of Barus; Two Scrolls Of Barus, utam Scholastic Press, 2003
Nauli Magazine Bases
Author: Rusman-Director of Corporate Global Future Institute (The Global Review)
Reference :
http://ahmadsamantho.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/barus-peradaban-dan-pintu-gerbang-masuknya-islam-di-nusantara/
Thank's to :
http://translate.google.co.id/?hl=en&tab=wT#id/en/
Friday, January 4, 2013
CONFLICT HISTORY IN MYANMAR/BURMA
n 2005, the
Ministry of Religious Affairs of Myanmar has issued a statement about freedom
of Bergama. Since
the time of ancient Myanmar kings to this day, successive Myanmar governments
have given the same treatment to all four major religions (Buddhism, Christianity,
Hinduism and Islam). All
the followers of each religion have been allowed to acknowledge their religious
beliefs and perform their respective duties freely. Myanmar
culture based on love; followers of Islam, Christianity and Hinduism in Myanmar
as well as the good-hearted people of Myanmar Buddhists.
Special points are final edict issued by the government of Myanmar, as mentioned above, let us associate with the issue that is being warmed up on Muslims in Myanmar Myanmar in the constellation of ancient history to the modern century.
Religion and the Islamic civilization in Burma have existed since the 9th century, brought by the Chinese Muslim, Malay, Moro and India both as a prisoner of war, royal forces of friendly countries who are preparing supplies, and sailors who had come to live in the coastal areas Thanintaryi and Rakhine. They assimilated and intermarried with the locals.
In 1055, the first Burmese kingdom stand (Pagan Empire) by the legendary king Anawrahta. After Anawrahta died pagan hereditary dynasty until the end of the heyday of the kingdom of Pagan in 1287.
after dynasty Pagan (Burma) doomed-for a while-due to the invasion of the kingdom of Siam (Thailand) to the 13th century. In short, after that turn back the kingdom of Siam conquered by the kingdom of Ayutthaya Kingdom of derivative Pagan dynasty until 1767.
Power successive centuries old, the fate of Burmese Muslims continue to suffer from any exchange of royal power until Toungoo dynasty came to power in centuries 16-1752 and replaced by Konboung dynasty 1752-1885.
It was only during Bodawpaya monarch (1785-1819) Muslims began to get the attention of the king who adopts reforms. He was the first Burmese king who knew pehamaman about Muslims in Burma at the time. The king was given special attention by putting Muslims on one of his ministers and impose halal food for 700 people cavalry soldiers in the army of the Muslim empire.
Bodawpaya build Amarapura city where 20 thousand Muslim family who became citizens. In this town was also the first mosque established in Burma in 1855. Goodness is not separated from the king's great efforts in the Muslim cavalry soldiers did temabakan cannon towards the opponent while trying to attack the power of ethnic Mon Bodawpaya making losses and casualties on the enemy kingdom.
After Bodawpaya died, his successor (king Mindon) is not less attention to Muslims. In fact it adds the army in the army of the Muslims of India in a derivative young cavalry captain led to 400 Muslims Captain Min Min Htin Yazar complete with typical Muslim attire.
Furthermore, a number of Muslim horsemen king Mindon built a new city, Mandalay. Once the attention of the king against Muslims to tailor any work derived from the U Soe Muslims. In addition there are a number of others beliefs include: Kabul Maulavi (Islamic judge) and so on.
After Mindon's death, the successor of the last king of the dynasty that controls Burma Konboung is Thibaw Min (1859-1916). Thibaw died at age 57 after losing a battle against the British Empire.
During British rule formally on 1 January 1886 to end Burma gained independence on January 4, 1948, the role of Muslims in British work gets the most attention, is seen clearly because of some of the residents of various ethnic musli entrusted as a royal adviser, mayor, administrator British royal, port officials, merchants and ship owners so on.
Having gained independence from Britain, Burma is a country initially respected by friend and foe into the influence of a group of ultra-nationalist socialist leanings, especially when the first military junta era of General Ne Win and socialist revolutionary council Myanmar holds the reins of power.
Since Ne Win ruled until replaced by Thein Sein, here are some very contrasting events experienced by Muslims Myanmar in several events, namely:
The first Prime Minister of Burma (U Nu) establish Buddhism as the official state religion of Burma in 1956. This statement sparked protests in Burma's minority religions, including Islam.
After General Ne Win came to power through a bloodless coup in 1962, the Muslims cornered by the emergence of stigma and dogma that Muslims Myanmar was synonymous with terrorism. A statement that provoke emotional Myanmar Muslims that seek influence by joining armed groups to gain recognition more feasible.
Issue sara and slander on March 16, 1997 addressed to the Muslims by the newspapers that spread the news of rape by Muslim youths against Burmese women. No doubt, the 1000 - 1500 the monks immediately "electrocuted" attacked the Muslim Ummah and facilities including destroying mosques and Muslim shops in the city of Mandalay. Three Muslims killed in issues that apparently can not be proved. As a result, 100 people were arrested monks Myanmar security forces.
Anti-Muslim riots in Sittwe and Toungoo (2001) starts from the question of Muslim street food stalls by a number of monks until a fight broke out that resulted in the fire engulfed the Muslim masses monks. While in Toungoo riots occurred in May 2001 due to the installation of anti-Muslim pamphlets in Muslim homes. Pamphlets containing the call to demolish the mosque in Toungoo as a Bamiyan Buddha statues in Afghanistan were destroyed.
Myanmar President Thein Sein statement on strategies to overcome problems in the classical ethnic Rakhine State is to expel Myanmar Muslim Rohingyas out to send to refugee camps outside the country so that it becomes the responsibility of the United Nations.
Consequences of Thein Sein's statement negatively, dated June 3, 2012 a number of the Muslim population within the bus and was finally lowered 11 Muslims were killed. This Tindaan protest demanding revenge in Arakan. However, the protest back three thousand Muslims were killed in acts of genocide and tyrannical rulers, security forces and pro-government citizens junta.
From a series of past events and current events in a lengthy track record above, we can conclude that:
The existence and the existence of Muslims in Burma or Myanmar has existed since the 9th century or before the first Burmese kingdom, even tens of thousands of years before Burma's independence.
In cooperation with local authorities, the Muslims in Burma during several dynasties that tyrants are not treated fair.
However, in the position of the Muslim dynasty Konboung received an award from the job in power in Burma.
During the rule of the British royal Muslims are treated well and got equal rights in managing the machinery of government in the British colonies.
At the time of independence, Muslims Myanmar back under pressure. All the more so when Ne Win came to power and continued by Thein Sein to issue SARA discrediting various minority faiths.
Efforts to divide the state and region by the military government after the military junta showed the strategy right. Spread compositions such people are able to give complete protection to the dominant ethnic Burmese.
The government mobilized the military junta demonstrations rival organization to drown out the action from any group. Outspoken mobilized it gets attention and facilities from the government.
Muslims are still considered the most dangerous threat than any insurgency, including Karen rebels. What makes the government of Myanmar and the monks hated Muslim presence there compared to other minorities until now no one knows for sure. Yet the record of history presented above, the presence and the assimilation of Muslims is very good against the empire Myanmar Burma at the time.
SARA is still very sensitive issue and a source of potential triggers the explosion of horizontal conflicts in Myanmar since the HDI or HDI society is still very low. According to the United Nations, Myanmar HDI ranks 149 of 157 countries in the world UNDP report 2011.
A number of actions monk sabotage occurred in recent times is very suspicious because among the attackers who use the dress monks with shaved head characteristic is apparently using mobile phones and communication devices, something that is not natural in appearance Myanmar monks. Some analysts point out has entered the elements and agents provocateurs who deliberately worsen the condition.
Redistributed political statement made by a top official Myamnar country about efforts to subordinate minority group should not be delivered by a distinguished statesman.
The information developed from the blows Myanmar, Rohingya Muslims were targeted killings and evictions are illegal immigrants spotlight not apaun justifiable reason, because it is a violation of human rights openly and planned. How could the government of Myanmar that are less concerned with ethnic minorities could provide which marks the conclusion and which locals or just plain illegal immigrants from neighboring Muslim diaspora?
Seeing some data, facts and a brief history of the above, what is the perspective of the military government of Myanmar in implementing the principles of nationality and enforcement of human rights?
Is this the world wants Myanmar to return to the past when one kerjaaan fight with other work until centuries, such as the work of Mongolia had robbed Burma from Siam?
The Myanmar government itself has denied the security forces committed genocide against ethnic Muslims Ronghya as delivered by Secretary of Wunna Maung Lwin told AFP (31/7). In a press conference attended by UN special envoy Tomas Ojea Quintana, Myanmar Foreign Minister said his government was working hard to stop the violence in the Rakhine region.
"The Myanmar government rejected all allegations issued by some people to say, we use force to solve this problem (Rohingya massacre)," Source: Here
In fact, around 3000 Ronghya's citizens have been killed on 06.03.2012 in Arakan events. Who was doing the mass shooting that? Can the dead suddenly thousands of people simultaneously without cause at the rally?
If all that the answer is NO, then immediately the world to act in unison to overcome the humanitarian crisis in the form of genocide and human rights abuses in Myanmar. Immediately rambo-rambo U.S. and NATO to uphold democracy and human rights as is done in other places. Immediately UN or OIC even Europe put pressure on Myanmar to human rights and democracy and not according to their tastes, but according to the rules of the world.
Therefore, any nation or religion that is all around us, we must love and respect that he is the glue of unity and oneness of mankind as the world.
Special points are final edict issued by the government of Myanmar, as mentioned above, let us associate with the issue that is being warmed up on Muslims in Myanmar Myanmar in the constellation of ancient history to the modern century.
Religion and the Islamic civilization in Burma have existed since the 9th century, brought by the Chinese Muslim, Malay, Moro and India both as a prisoner of war, royal forces of friendly countries who are preparing supplies, and sailors who had come to live in the coastal areas Thanintaryi and Rakhine. They assimilated and intermarried with the locals.
In 1055, the first Burmese kingdom stand (Pagan Empire) by the legendary king Anawrahta. After Anawrahta died pagan hereditary dynasty until the end of the heyday of the kingdom of Pagan in 1287.
after dynasty Pagan (Burma) doomed-for a while-due to the invasion of the kingdom of Siam (Thailand) to the 13th century. In short, after that turn back the kingdom of Siam conquered by the kingdom of Ayutthaya Kingdom of derivative Pagan dynasty until 1767.
Power successive centuries old, the fate of Burmese Muslims continue to suffer from any exchange of royal power until Toungoo dynasty came to power in centuries 16-1752 and replaced by Konboung dynasty 1752-1885.
It was only during Bodawpaya monarch (1785-1819) Muslims began to get the attention of the king who adopts reforms. He was the first Burmese king who knew pehamaman about Muslims in Burma at the time. The king was given special attention by putting Muslims on one of his ministers and impose halal food for 700 people cavalry soldiers in the army of the Muslim empire.
Bodawpaya build Amarapura city where 20 thousand Muslim family who became citizens. In this town was also the first mosque established in Burma in 1855. Goodness is not separated from the king's great efforts in the Muslim cavalry soldiers did temabakan cannon towards the opponent while trying to attack the power of ethnic Mon Bodawpaya making losses and casualties on the enemy kingdom.
After Bodawpaya died, his successor (king Mindon) is not less attention to Muslims. In fact it adds the army in the army of the Muslims of India in a derivative young cavalry captain led to 400 Muslims Captain Min Min Htin Yazar complete with typical Muslim attire.
Furthermore, a number of Muslim horsemen king Mindon built a new city, Mandalay. Once the attention of the king against Muslims to tailor any work derived from the U Soe Muslims. In addition there are a number of others beliefs include: Kabul Maulavi (Islamic judge) and so on.
After Mindon's death, the successor of the last king of the dynasty that controls Burma Konboung is Thibaw Min (1859-1916). Thibaw died at age 57 after losing a battle against the British Empire.
During British rule formally on 1 January 1886 to end Burma gained independence on January 4, 1948, the role of Muslims in British work gets the most attention, is seen clearly because of some of the residents of various ethnic musli entrusted as a royal adviser, mayor, administrator British royal, port officials, merchants and ship owners so on.
Having gained independence from Britain, Burma is a country initially respected by friend and foe into the influence of a group of ultra-nationalist socialist leanings, especially when the first military junta era of General Ne Win and socialist revolutionary council Myanmar holds the reins of power.
Since Ne Win ruled until replaced by Thein Sein, here are some very contrasting events experienced by Muslims Myanmar in several events, namely:
The first Prime Minister of Burma (U Nu) establish Buddhism as the official state religion of Burma in 1956. This statement sparked protests in Burma's minority religions, including Islam.
After General Ne Win came to power through a bloodless coup in 1962, the Muslims cornered by the emergence of stigma and dogma that Muslims Myanmar was synonymous with terrorism. A statement that provoke emotional Myanmar Muslims that seek influence by joining armed groups to gain recognition more feasible.
Issue sara and slander on March 16, 1997 addressed to the Muslims by the newspapers that spread the news of rape by Muslim youths against Burmese women. No doubt, the 1000 - 1500 the monks immediately "electrocuted" attacked the Muslim Ummah and facilities including destroying mosques and Muslim shops in the city of Mandalay. Three Muslims killed in issues that apparently can not be proved. As a result, 100 people were arrested monks Myanmar security forces.
Anti-Muslim riots in Sittwe and Toungoo (2001) starts from the question of Muslim street food stalls by a number of monks until a fight broke out that resulted in the fire engulfed the Muslim masses monks. While in Toungoo riots occurred in May 2001 due to the installation of anti-Muslim pamphlets in Muslim homes. Pamphlets containing the call to demolish the mosque in Toungoo as a Bamiyan Buddha statues in Afghanistan were destroyed.
Myanmar President Thein Sein statement on strategies to overcome problems in the classical ethnic Rakhine State is to expel Myanmar Muslim Rohingyas out to send to refugee camps outside the country so that it becomes the responsibility of the United Nations.
Consequences of Thein Sein's statement negatively, dated June 3, 2012 a number of the Muslim population within the bus and was finally lowered 11 Muslims were killed. This Tindaan protest demanding revenge in Arakan. However, the protest back three thousand Muslims were killed in acts of genocide and tyrannical rulers, security forces and pro-government citizens junta.
From a series of past events and current events in a lengthy track record above, we can conclude that:
The existence and the existence of Muslims in Burma or Myanmar has existed since the 9th century or before the first Burmese kingdom, even tens of thousands of years before Burma's independence.
In cooperation with local authorities, the Muslims in Burma during several dynasties that tyrants are not treated fair.
However, in the position of the Muslim dynasty Konboung received an award from the job in power in Burma.
During the rule of the British royal Muslims are treated well and got equal rights in managing the machinery of government in the British colonies.
At the time of independence, Muslims Myanmar back under pressure. All the more so when Ne Win came to power and continued by Thein Sein to issue SARA discrediting various minority faiths.
Efforts to divide the state and region by the military government after the military junta showed the strategy right. Spread compositions such people are able to give complete protection to the dominant ethnic Burmese.
The government mobilized the military junta demonstrations rival organization to drown out the action from any group. Outspoken mobilized it gets attention and facilities from the government.
Muslims are still considered the most dangerous threat than any insurgency, including Karen rebels. What makes the government of Myanmar and the monks hated Muslim presence there compared to other minorities until now no one knows for sure. Yet the record of history presented above, the presence and the assimilation of Muslims is very good against the empire Myanmar Burma at the time.
SARA is still very sensitive issue and a source of potential triggers the explosion of horizontal conflicts in Myanmar since the HDI or HDI society is still very low. According to the United Nations, Myanmar HDI ranks 149 of 157 countries in the world UNDP report 2011.
A number of actions monk sabotage occurred in recent times is very suspicious because among the attackers who use the dress monks with shaved head characteristic is apparently using mobile phones and communication devices, something that is not natural in appearance Myanmar monks. Some analysts point out has entered the elements and agents provocateurs who deliberately worsen the condition.
Redistributed political statement made by a top official Myamnar country about efforts to subordinate minority group should not be delivered by a distinguished statesman.
The information developed from the blows Myanmar, Rohingya Muslims were targeted killings and evictions are illegal immigrants spotlight not apaun justifiable reason, because it is a violation of human rights openly and planned. How could the government of Myanmar that are less concerned with ethnic minorities could provide which marks the conclusion and which locals or just plain illegal immigrants from neighboring Muslim diaspora?
Seeing some data, facts and a brief history of the above, what is the perspective of the military government of Myanmar in implementing the principles of nationality and enforcement of human rights?
Is this the world wants Myanmar to return to the past when one kerjaaan fight with other work until centuries, such as the work of Mongolia had robbed Burma from Siam?
The Myanmar government itself has denied the security forces committed genocide against ethnic Muslims Ronghya as delivered by Secretary of Wunna Maung Lwin told AFP (31/7). In a press conference attended by UN special envoy Tomas Ojea Quintana, Myanmar Foreign Minister said his government was working hard to stop the violence in the Rakhine region.
"The Myanmar government rejected all allegations issued by some people to say, we use force to solve this problem (Rohingya massacre)," Source: Here
In fact, around 3000 Ronghya's citizens have been killed on 06.03.2012 in Arakan events. Who was doing the mass shooting that? Can the dead suddenly thousands of people simultaneously without cause at the rally?
If all that the answer is NO, then immediately the world to act in unison to overcome the humanitarian crisis in the form of genocide and human rights abuses in Myanmar. Immediately rambo-rambo U.S. and NATO to uphold democracy and human rights as is done in other places. Immediately UN or OIC even Europe put pressure on Myanmar to human rights and democracy and not according to their tastes, but according to the rules of the world.
Therefore, any nation or religion that is all around us, we must love and respect that he is the glue of unity and oneness of mankind as the world.
Reference :
http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2012/08/07/myanmar-tanah-misteri-dan-menantang-dunia-483070.html
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)